Plane maker x plane 11 инструкция на русском - Все инструкции и руководства по применению

Goals

In this tutorial, you will learn how to create basic conventional aircraft for X-Plane by using Plane-Maker.

Conditions and Assumptions

When this tutorial was made, it was made based on X-Plane 9’s Plane-Maker with Windows Vista 32 operating system. It is also assumed that you already have your own aircraft design, ready to be modelled on X-Plane. If you haven’t had your own aircraft design, it is recommended that you read the other tutorial, Creating Ample the Example Plane with Plane-Maker, to get a brief understanding in how to use Plane-Maker.

Preparations

Before taking a further steps in this tutorial, you should prepare the items/data listed below. It is important that you have them all completely, so, you can go through all part of this tutorial without any obstacle. Note that all required data below must be expressed in british unit for Plane-Maker (ft for length, lbs for mass and force).

Airfoil (afl files) for all aircraft’s lifting surfaces, rotor, and propeller (see How to Create Airfoil with Airfoil-Maker tutorial for the instructions about how to create airfoil for X-Plane).

Planform parameter for all lifting surfaces (If your planform geometry is complex, divide it into several simple trapezoidal planform section), which includes span, root and tip chord length, incidence angle, dihedral angle, twist angle.

HLD and control surface parameter, such as its spanwise location, its chord fraction, and its type.

Aircraft fuselage and other non-lifting bodies’ drawing, which includes the three view drawing and cross-section drawing at several station.

Aircraft’s engine specification data which includes thrust value, thrust point location (the location where thrust force is applied), SFC, compressor area, etc.

Aircraft’s weight and balance data which includes empty weight, MTOW, fuel weight, and CG location (most aft, most forward, and default CG location), etc.

Aircraft’s landing gear parameter, which includes gear type and position, wheel dimension, strut dimension, etc.

1. Introduction to Plane-Maker

Plane-Maker is one of the three X-Plane’s supplemental programs. This program is used to create custom aircraft for X-Plane. Aside from aircraft, you can also created other flying vehicles such as airships and rockets or non-flying vehicle such as cars (although the simulation may be inaccurate). However, as the name suggest, Plane-Maker is actually intended to create custom airplanes or helicopters.

In Plane-Maker, creating custom aircraft is done by constructing your aircraft model inside Plane-Maker and also inputting your aircraft’s parameter. Optionally, several third party 3D models can be imported into Plane-Maker as parts of your aircraft.

2. Plane-Maker User Interface

Plane-Maker’s interface consists of a toolbar, a main window showing your custom aircraft, and a few textboxes at the bottom of the main window. The toolbar consist of six main buttons: ‘about’ button, ‘file’ button, ‘standard’ button, ‘advanced’ button, and ‘background’ button. The ‘about’ button is used to check your version of Plane-Maker, the ‘file’ button to open or save your aircraft (acf), the ‘standard’ button for standard aircraft building, the ‘advanced’ button for advanced aircraft building, the ‘background’ button for view editing, and the ‘background’ button for miscellaneous function.

Plane-Maker_Main

Figure 1: Plane-Maker main window

The main window of Plane-Maker shows you the appearance of your custom aircraft. Here, you can see how the your aircraft look like and how the change on any parameter that you made affect your aircraft appearance. In this window, You change the view of your aircraft by using several keyboard shortcut keys. Use directional buttons to pan the view of your aircraft, +/- buttons to zoom your view in or out, W/S/A/D to rotate your aircraft, and space bar to switch from wireframe view to solid view, and vice versa.

Whenever you select any options/button from Plane-Maker toolbar, a new window will appear, completely blocking you from your main window. These new window will have different appearance and function, according to what buttons that you choose from your toolbar. However, all of them contains a lot of input boxes and a close button at the upper right corner. Keep in mind that in all window, a pop-up box will appear whenever you hover your mouse for a while on an input box, which contains an explanation regarding what value that should be inputted into that input box.

3. Creating acf file and folder structures

Before you start creating your aircraft, it is recommended that you create a folder named by your custom aircraft name somewhere inside your X-Plane directory. I would recommend that you put it inside X-PlaneAircraft directory. This is important because your custom aircraft will requires other files (such as picture files for the aircraft paint and cockpit panel, additional object, and so on) so that it can be flown in X-Plane perfectly. If you are not doing this, your custom aircraft may become incomplete after being moved to another location.

Inside your custom aircraft folder, you can create several folders according to your need. The following section shows the folders that can be created inside a custom aircraft folder along with its use. Note that the creation of all these folders below are not compulsory. If you are not going to use custom sound for your aircraft, you don’t have to create the ‘sounds’ folder, and so on.

‘airfoils’ – contains all afl (airfoil) files for your custom aircraft’s lifting surfaces.

‘cockpits’ – contains all bitmaps files for your custom aircraft’s cockpit object

‘liveries’ – contains all texture files for your custom aircraft’s external painting

‘objects’ – contains all 3D model (in obj format) for your custom aircraft.

‘sounds’ – contains all sound files for your custom aircraft.

‘weapons’ – contains all weapons files for your custom aircraft.

4. Constructing aircraft’s wings and other lifting surfaces

Constructing aircraft’s wings and other lifting surfaces is the most important things to do in Plane-Maker because your aircraft won’t be able to fly without wings (except if you are creating an airship). To construct aircraft’s wings and other lifting surface, click standard>wings and an editing window will appear as shown in figure 2. In this window, you can create and modify up to 4 wings, 1 horizontal stabilizer, and 2 vertical stabilizers. If this are not enough, you can create and modify more wings by clicking standard>miscwings.

Plane-Maker_LiftingSurface

Figure 1: Plane-Maker main window

3. Creating acf file and folder structures

‘airfoils’ – contains all afl (airfoil) files for your custom aircraft’s lifting surfaces.

‘cockpits’ – contains all bitmaps files for your custom aircraft’s cockpit object

‘liveries’ – contains all texture files for your custom aircraft’s external painting

‘objects’ – contains all 3D model (in obj format) for your custom aircraft.

‘sounds’ – contains all sound files for your custom aircraft.

‘weapons’ – contains all weapons files for your custom aircraft.

4. Constructing aircraft’s wings and other lifting surfaces

Plane-Maker_LiftingSurface

Figure 2: Plane-Maker lifting surface editing window

The lifting surface editing window (for both standard>wings and standard>miscwings) consists of tabs (most upper), foil spec box (upper left), element spec box (lower left), texture box (upper right), and the preview of your aircraft (lower right). The upper tabs show which lifting surface that you are currently editing, while foil spec box, element spec box, and texture box consists of several input boxes that will define your lifting surface planform geometry. Note that in this window, you can use the keyboard shortcut stated in section 2 to change the view of your aircraft (inside the preview box).

The foil spec box consist of input boxes for your lifting surface’s planform parameters, such as semi-length, root chord, tip chord, etc. The use of foil spec box is to modify your lifting surface planform parameters. Insert these input boxes with your lifting surface planform parameters to create your lifting surface. However, keep in mind that all planform parameters value that you inserted must be measured relative to the lifting surface’s quarterchord line instead of the lifting surface’s leading edge. So, the position of the lifting surface (long arm, lat arm, and vert arm) must be filled with the position of your lifting surface’s root airfoil’s quarterchord point and the angular parameters (sweep and dihedral) must be measured from quarterchord line. Keep in mind also that the semi-lenght box must not be filled your lifting surface’s semi-span because semi-length is not semi-span. Semi-length is the half length of lifting surface’s quarterchord line and can be calculated simply with the formula below.

semi-length = ((semi-span)/cos(sweep))/cos(dihedral)

The element spec box consists of several columns of check boxes. The use of element spec box is to define control surfaces into your lifting surface. The most left input box of the element spec box is used to define the number of subsection that your lifting surface has (the lifting surface subsections are generated by dividing your current lifting surface uniformly in spanwise direction), while columns of check boxes (and an input box for incidence angle) to its right are used to define what control surface is installed in each lifting surface subsection (the most left column is the root subsection and the most left column). Note that when you modify the number in the subsection input box, the number of column of checkboxes will change accordingly and your wing’s appearance (its spanwise station) in wireframe view will also change accordingly. To define one or more control surface on your lifting surface, simply check the control surface’s check box at the its corresponding subsection column. For example, if you have wing section with span of 15ft and your wing has aileron located from 10m to 12.5m spanstation, simply divide your wings into 6 subsections and check the aileron1 check box on the fifth column from left. After you define your control surface, you may notice that no change was made in your lifting surface appearance because the control geometry of your control surface is not yet defined. See the section 6 for instruction in defining your control geometry.

Other than control surfaces, in the element spec box, you can also modify your lifting surface subsection’s incidence angle from the input boxes at the top of control surfaces’ checkboxes. The incidence angle value that you filled must be the incidence angle at the middle of the corresponding subsection. Keep in mind that when you add an incidence angle to a subsection, the rotation is done around the quarterchord location instead of leading edge.

Still in the element spec boxes, you can switch to customize chord mode by checking the customize chord box at the upper right corner of element spec box. In this mode, you can modify each lifting surface’s chord on the corresponding spanwise station. Use the first row input boxes to scale each chord (from its quarterchord) and the second row input boxes to move each chord forward or backward. Remember that you can always switch back to control surface mode by unchecking the customise chord box.

The texture box consist of several input boxes for aircraft texturing/painting. See the other tutorial, How to paint your aircraft, for the instruction for this box.

Remember the instructions about foil spec box and element spec box above applies for all lifting surface such as wings, horizontal tails, vertical tails, misc wings, and engine pylons (use standard>enginepylons to open lifting surface editing window for engine pylons). The only differences that you should keep in mind between each lifting surfaces are the following:

Wings and horizontal tails are automatically generated with its left side and right side planforms (symmetric).

Misc wings are defaulted to be in the right side only. However you can change it to be in the left side by checking the check box at the upper left of element spec box. So remember to always create a pair of misc wing (one for left side and one for right side) if you are using misc wing as the component of your main wing.

Vertical tails and engine pylons are defaulted to have a dihedral value of 90 degrees.

Note also that if you are creating a lifting surface with complex planform, you can use more than one lifting surfaces (for example, wing 1 and wing 2, or wing 1 and misc wing 1, etc) and connect it by using ‘snap to’ dropbar button at the upper left of lifting surface editing window. For more advanced tutorial in constructing lifting surfaces n Plane-Maker, see How to Construct Lifting Surface in Plane-Maker.

5. Assigning airfoils

After you have finished constructing your lifting surface, the next thing to do is to assign airfoils to all of your lifting surface (and propellers). Assigning airfoils can be done by clicking expert>airfoils to access airfoil assignment window as shown in figure 3 below. In this window, you can assign airfoils for all lifting surfaces that you have created previously and also add several feature to your lifting surface such as variable sweep.

Plane-Maker_Airfoil

Figure 3: Plane-Maker airfoil assignment window

Airfoil assignment window consist of tabs (upper) and several boxes (lower) that labelled with a name of of a lifting surface. The upper tabs show which group of lifting surfaces to which airfoil assignment will be made, while the labelled boxes consist of input boxes for airfoil assignment. Note that these labelled boxes will show no input boxes in it if the corresponding lifting surface is not created yet.

In each labelled box, there will be four input boxes for airfoil assignment. The first two input boxes on the left are for root airfoil while the last two input boxes on the right are for tip airfoil. You can browse which afl file to be assigned in each input box by clicking the small square box locate at the left side of each input box. Notice that both root and tip airfoils, you must enter two afl files. One afl file for airfoil’s performance in high Reynolds number and one afl file for low Reynolds number. This is necessary because an afl file only contains a certain airfoil’s aerodynamic performance for a certain Reynolds number, while airfoil’s aerodynamics performance changes as Reynold number changes and an aircraft always operate at wide range of Reynolds number. Thus, two afl files (one for aerodynamics performance at low Reynolds number and one for aerodynamics performance at high Reynolds number) is needed by X-Plane to estimate lifting surface’s aerodynamic performance over a wide range of aircraft’s operating Reynolds number.

Beside four input boxes, there are also four checkboxes at the right-side of each labelled box. These check boxes are used to allow variable-swept, variable-dihedral, variable-incidence, and retractable features on your lifting surfaces. By checking each checkbox, an input box will appear at the right side of checkbox for specifying the amount of variable angles (for swept, dihedral, and incidence) and/or the ratio of retractable part of the lifting surfaces that will be applied. Note that for lifting surface with variable angles, the default value of angle used for initial configuration is the value given in the lifting surface editing window, thus, only insert the amount of variable range (angle range) in this input boxes. Keep in mind that these variable angles are always measured from the quarterchord line.

6. Defining control surfaces

After you have successfully created your lifting surface and assigned airfoils for it, the last thing to do with lifting surface is to define the control surfaces. To define control surfaces for your lifting surface, click standard>controlgeometry and an editing window will appear as shown in figure 4. In this window, you can define the geometry and characteristics of all of your control surfaces.

Plane-Maker_ControlSurfaceGeometry

Figure 3: Plane-Maker airfoil assignment window

6. Defining control surfaces

Plane-Maker_ControlSurfaceGeometry

Figure 4: Plane-Maker control surface editing window

The control surface editing window consists of 4 window selection tabs and the editing window for the selected tabs. The contents of this editing window will change depending on the tab that is currently selected. If ‘controls’ tab is selected, the editing window will appear as shown in figure 4 above, which is consist of control size box on the left and flap spec box on the right.

7. Constructing aircraft’s fuselage and other non-lifting bodies

8. Constructing aircraft’s engine

9. Constructing aircraft’s landing gear

Special Controls is a fun part of Plane Maker that can be used to add a variety of unrelated technologies and gimmicks to your aircraft.

to do… can we make the article content wrap around the table of contents, so the TOC is on the left, and the article begins immediately upper-right?

Jet assisted take-off[]

Jet assisted take-off or JATO is actually a strange military term for single-use rockets that are fired (typically) on take-off to reduce the ground run. These are usually solid-propellant rockets, but historically liquid-fueled rockets have been used, too.

The data fields are:

For geometry JATO long arm, JATO vert(ical) arm, JATO angle
JATO thrust
JATO duration
JATO specific weight

Note on the geometry: You should make sure that the thrust line of the JATO unit runs approximately through the centre-of-gravity of your aircraft! Else lighting and burn-out of the JATO rocket will introduce a trim change — the more powerful the rocket, the worse the trim change.

Note on the weight: Duration is in seconds, specific weight is in pounds per pound-force per hour. If you know that a JATO unit delivers 4400 lb(f) (=pound-force) of thrust and burns for 6 seconds, and that its weight is 73.3 lbs, you can calculate the specific weight as follows:

73.3 lbs / (4400 lb(f) * 6 s/3600) = 10.0 lbs/(lb(f)*s) — after all, there are 3600 seconds in an hour
Alternative method: Enter something remotely sensible for specific weight, then check the resulting JATO weight as indicated on the Weight and Balance sheet, then go back to Special Controls and make a better guess …

Don’t forget to add a JATO button on the Panel, too!

Equipment Options[]

Tick any checkbox here to add a certain type of equipment to the aircraft.

Auto speedbrake on touchdown[]

This enables the aircraft to deploy the aerodynamic brakes automatically on landing gear ground contact, if the automatic deployment is armed by putting the Speed Brake handle in the full-up ‘ARMED’ position. The Speed Brake handle (han_sbrake2) has to be added on the Panel in order to use this feature.

Auto wheelbrake on touchdown[]

This enables the aircraft to use the wheelbrakes automatically to achieve certain hard-coded decelerations, depending on the position of the Auto Brake switch that has to be added on the Panel in order to use this feature.

The Auto Brake switch has the following positions:

RTO: Rejected Take-Off
Off: Nothing happens
1: deceleration -0,124 G
2: deceleration -0,155 G
3: deceleration -0,224 G
Max: deceleration -0,37 G or -0,43 G

Rejected Take-Off: Autobrakes armed to RTO will engage the wheelbrakes when a significant drop of thrust occurs. On a rejected take-off, that drop of thrust would of course be caused by the pilot pulling back the throttles!

Auto reverse on touchdown[]

This enables the aircraft to employ reverse thrust automatically on touch-down. To use auto-reverse in the simulation, it has to be enabled using the Auto Reverse selector on the Panel. There are also three required settings in PlaneMaker:

The Auto-Reverse Switch button must be added to the Panel.
The max reverse throttle setting under Engine Specs must be set to a value other than 0
The all engines reverse-thrust available checkbox under Special Equipment must be selected.

Gear extend protect[]

This will prevent the aircraft from extending the landing gear at speeds exceeding the Maximum Landing Gear Extended Speed (V_LE) defined on the Viewpoint screen.

Flap extend protect[]

This will cause the aircraft to prevent flap deployment at speeds exceeding the maximum defined on the Viewpoint screen.

Flap Retract Protect[]

This will cause the aircraft to retract flaps if the maximum speed defined on the Viewpoint screen is exceeded.

Auto-lock tailwheel elevator fully aft[]

This simulates automatic tail wheel locking, as for example used by the North American P-51 Mustang or the Dornier Do 217. It allows locking the tail wheel to the center if the stick is aft of the center position.

Note: In X-Plane 8.xx and early 9.xx versions, the tail wheel was locked only with the stick fully aft. The current version X-Plane 9.67 has been fixed and works as desired.

Auto wing-sweep with flaps and flops[]

Auto wing-sweep with vector[]

Auto flaps with gear[]

Auto flaps with vector[]

Auto slats near stall[]

This causes the slats to be deployed at a certain angle of attack. The angle of attack at which the slats are deployed depends on the value entered as stall warning angle on the Viewpoint screen. If the stall warning angle is too close to the actual stall angle, there will be no benefit from auto slats, so a certain margin between warning and actual stall is required.

If a slat extension greater than 0.0 is set in the Control Geometry menu, this overrides auto slat deployment when the flaps are deployed. (ToDo: Find out if it also overrides when the flaps are not deployed.)

To have freely operating slats with the flaps deployed, the slat figure on the Control Geometry screen has to be set to 0.0. This configuration was for example used by the Messerschmitt Me 262 jet fighter.

To have the slats locked open with the flaps deployed, the slat figure on the Control Geometry screen has to be set to a figure greater than 0.0. This configuration was for example used by the Savoia-Marchetti S.M.79 trimotor bomber.

Auto flaps near stall[]

This causes the flaps to be deployed at a certain angle of attack. The angle of attack at which the flaps are deployed depends on the value entered as stall warning angle on the Viewpoint screen. If the stall warning angle is too close to the actual stall angle, there will be no benefit from auto flaps, so a certain margin between warning and actual stall is required.

Auto-trim pitch loads[]

This is used for gradually and automatically loading helicopter pitch trim upon application of joystick pitch such as on the Comanche helicopter. It is not for fixed-wing aircraft.72.49.207.62 09:12, November 29, 2020 (UTC)Reticuli

Anti-ice equipped[]

(ToDo: Find out if this is necessary at all if the appropriate switches are on the panel.)

Arresting gear equipped[]

This makes the aircraft capable of performing arrested landings on an aircraft carrier. To activate the arresting gear, push the arrestor gear button that has to be added on the Panel to make this work.

Note: There is no visible indication of the arrestor gear being deployed. To create a visible tailhook, you’d have to use Objects. Simulating the hook with extra landing gear legs or Misc Bodies is not recommended as it changes the geometry of the landing gear and does not represent the tailhook status accurately anyway.

Gear warning horn equipped[]

This will sound a warning signal if the throttle is retracted beyond a certain point when the gear is not extended. (ToDo: Does it really work that way in X-Plane, or does it require a minimum altitude or flap deployment as well?)

Transonic warning horn equipped[]

Lo-rotor RPM warning horn equipped[]

Hi-rotor RPM warning horn equipped[]

Parachute[]

This will equip the aircraft with a parachute. The most common use is as a brake chute for landing (sometimes referred to as a drogue parachute), but some plane builders have also used it to simulate a Ballistic Recovery System or a dive brake. The parachute activation requires a button on the Panel.

Note: In X-Plane, the parachute can be recovered and re-used in flight. Brake chutes usually can be used only once and at the end of the landing run are separated from the aircraft and recovered by the ground crew. However, some aircraft had chutes capable of in-flight recovery, for example the Dornier Do 217 which used a parachute as dive brake.

The data fields for the parachute are:

Parachute longitudinal arm
Parachute vertical arm
Parachute front area

Tip: When including a parachute for use as a landing brake chute, be sure that the longitudinal arm is at a location greater than (further aft of) the aircraft’s center of gravity (CG), and preferably near or below the vertical CG.

Special Control Deflections[]

This section serves to generate control deflections beyond the traditional control of «stick lateral = aileron, stick longitudinal = elevator, rudder pushed = rudder».

The tickbox «additive control deflections can go beyond basic deflections» refers to the basic deflections as defined in the Control Geometry menu.

Differential elevator & stabilator with roll[]

Here the maximum deflection for tail surfaces in response to aileron input is entered. This feature is also sometimes called «taileron» and used by many modern jet fighters. Some jet fighters like the English Electric Lightning use taileron in combination with the «aileron cut-out» feature described below.

Differential elevator & stabilator with yaw[]

Here the maximum deflection for tail surfaces in response to rudder input is entered. This feature is required for V-tails to work.

Ailerons with pitch[]

This deflects the ailerons symmetrically (like flaps) when the stick is pulled back to increase the camber of the wing and thus generate more lift. While Plane Maker states Austin Meyer is not aware of any aircraft to use this, the Hirth Acrostar aerobatic aircraft actually used this for symmetric flight behaviour under positive and negative G’s.

Two data fields are provided, one for each set of ailerons as defined in Control Geometry.

Ailerons with flaps[]

This lowers the ailerons when the flaps are deployed so that they serve as auxiliary flaps. This feature is for example used by the Messerschmitt Me 109E and also on the Bell XV-15, both of which lower the ailerons by about half the flap deflection angle for landings.

Two data fields are provided, one for each set of ailerons as defined in Control Geometry.

Rudder with aileron[]

This feature deflects the rudder when the ailerons are deflected in an attempt to maintain coordinated flight automatically. This feature was for example used by the first Wright Flyer and was part of the original patents of the Wright brothers.

Cutout speeds[]

To switch off certain sets of ailerons or roll spoilers above a certain speed, enter the cutout speed here. This feature is used for example by the English Electric Lightning to switch off aileron control at high speeds in order to avoid overstressing the thing wing — roll control is then achieved by taileron alone.

Differential Thrust for Maneuvering[]

This section serves to configure the use of engine thrust for flight control.

Thrust vector with pitch/roll/yaw input[]

These three data fields describe how far the thrust vector of the engines is tilted when the respective control is fully deflected.

The tick box «full on at 0°» makes thrust vectoring fully active when the thrust vector is aligned with the aircraft design axis.

The tick box «full on at 90°» makes thrust vectoring fully active when the thrust vector is perpedicular to the aircraft design axis.

The two tick boxes can be used to make thrust vectoring effective either in forward flight or in VTOL mode, or under both circumstances. (ToDo: Someone who has more experience with VTOLs should check this :-)

Note: Typically, roll control by thrust vectoring requires at least two engines, with the one on the downgoing side tilting its thrust axis upwards and the other one tilting it downwards.

Throttle with pitch/roll/yaw input[]

These three fields describe by how much thrust is modulated to achieve flight control. This is typcially used by VTOLs. An example for the use differential thrust is the Dornier Do 31 VTOL transport, which uses its wing-pod lift engines to achieve roll control while in hover.

Wing tilt for maneuverering[]

This section describes how far the wing can be tilted for achieve control. Ultralight trikes often use wing tilt for control.

There are two data fields, one for lateral control and one for longitudinal control.

Auto-deflections[]

This section describes automatic control deflections that are usually used to trim the aircraft on a configuration change.

The field «stabilizer with flaps» typically serves to counteract the trim change induced by lowering or raising the flaps. An example for this feature is the Messerschmitt Bf 110.

Note: Only the default horizontal stabilizer will move through the angle specified. If other wings are used to emulate the horizontal stabilizer, this feature will not work.

The field «rudder with engine failure» serves to counteract the trim change induced by the loss of an engine that is laterally off the centreline of the aircraft.

Dynamic flap actuation[]

This section serves to re-use the flaps for manoevering purposes.

The two data fields «Flaps with pitch input» are used to deflect the the two sets of flaps when the stick is pulled back to increase the camber of the wing and thus generate more lift.

The two data fields Flaps with roll input» are used to deflect the the two sets of flaps asymmetrically in response to aileron input to roll the plane.

Each tick box «hi-dep» restricts the use of flaps of the respective feature to control inputs above 50% of the maximum, letting the flaps cut in only at high deflections.

Note: Dynamic flap actuation is not subject to damage even if the flaps are deflected at speeds exceeding the limit set on the Viewpoint screen. However, if the flaps are damaged by exceeding that speed while they are used as standard flaps, dynamic flap actuation can make the aircraft uncontrollable on landing. It’s recommended that you set a very high speed limit for flap damage to avoid this effect.

Источник

yamaha333

7

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Pancir

30

пасиб за инфу, посмотримс

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Saturn from X-Plane.Rus Page

32

Saturn from X-Plane.Rus Page

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Wlad90

12

Лучше бы в 3DS max примеры создания показали, там обьем возможной детализации побольше

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Saturn from X-Plane.Rus Page

32

Saturn from X-Plane.Rus Page

При чём здесь 3д макс. Тем более что по нему уроков по самое… есть.

Plane-Maker для совсем другого дела.

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- Качественный самолет для FSX — Basler BT-67

ALMIK писал(а):Обращаюсь к гостю!
Я сам уже начал потихоньку переводить хелп по вкладке автопилота, в вообщем ничего сложного, но если есть какая-то методика, то просто с чего начать. На данный момент меня интересует синусоида по тангажу.
Я так понял, надо подстраивать секцию элеронов. Там что-то вроде настроек чувствительности, при коктором ЛА начнёт отрабатывать элеронами, и величина на какую отрабатывать.
Короче мало информации.
Давай быстрей регистрируйся!!!

Привет.
Кратко об устойчивости и управляемости на пальцах ))))
Из физики известно что ось вращения тела проходит через его ЦТ. Моменты относительно 3-х осей проходящих через ЦТ, на и будут интересовать.
1. Ось тангажа. Относительно этой оси различают, т.н. продольную устойчивость/управляемость.
Берем длииииинную спицу (ось) и протыкаем ЛА поперек фюзеляжа через ЦТ (как бы по размаху крыльев).
ЛА будет вертеться на этой оси носом/хвостом вверх вниз.
Устойчивость продольная это:
Способность ЛА с брошенным (пилот ничего не касается) или фиксированным (пилот крепко держит штурвал, но не шевелит им) управлением при ВНЕШНЕМ возмущении (поддуло ветром) восстановить УА который был до возмущения.
Управляемость продольная — если грубо, то это насколько «охотно» ЛА изменит тангаж (УА) если пилот потянет штурвал на себяот себя.
Продольная устойчивость зависит от расположения ЦТ и фокуса крыла. ЦТ впереди фокуса — ЛА устойчив, ЦТ позади фокуса — неустойчив, т.е. после возмущения самолет будет стремиться увеличить/уменьшить УА до закритических значений(в результате свалится если не принять мер). Неустойчивыми иногда делают истребители для увеличения маневренности (нетрудно заметить, что в общем-то устойчивость ухудшает управляемость).
Тангажом управляют с помощью РВ а НЕ элеронов.
АП не стабилизирует в штатных режимах (за исключением режима PITCH) тангаж. Он пытается стабилизировать высоту, скорость (верт./поступат) через тангаж.
В настройках АП подбирается время (ни что иное как постоянная времени замкнутой систему управления), только если перевести названо оно почему-то типа: «насколько времени в будущее надо смотреть при изменении параметра», правильнее было бы «за какое время надо усреднить имеющуюся тенденцию» хотя в принципе тафтология где-то.
Подберем большое время, ЛА слишком рано начнет уменьшать тангаж и не дотянет до заданного, получится синусоида приближающаяся к заданной высоте, например.
Сделаем слишком маленькое, ЛА проскочит высоту, отклонит РВ, опять проскочит и т.п. Раскачка может не произойти (будет синусоида около заданной высоты), а может и произойти, т.к. тут все не так просто.
Дело в том, что на вкладке Controls мы задаем скорость (безразмерный к-т, где 1 — дефолт) с которой АП шурует (или мы шуруем триммером) РВ, и угол на который РВ макс. может быть отклонен АП.
ВНИМАНИЕ это НЕ в настройке РВ, а в настройке ТРИММЕРА РВ.
Иксовый триммер — не рулек на РВ, а просто система которая дополнительно отклоняет РВ ЦЕЛИКОМ (в общем-то как у большинства лайнеров). АП в иксах прицеплен к РВ через триммер, т.е.отклонение РВ в иксах это сумма триммер+джой/мышь/штурвал.
Можно задать, что триммер(хотя это неправильное слово) ( будет крутить РВ во всем диапазоне хода РВ, можно частично).
Так вот чем больше ход РВ от АП и больше скорость его отклонения, тем точнее приходится настраивать АП, т.к. нарваться на синусоиду очень просто.
Приходится играть как вкладкой АП, так и вкладкой управления — мегагимморой, но оно того стоит ((((.
О других осях (логика работы иксов такая-же):
2. Поперечная устойчивость.
Протыкаем ЛА через ЦТ, от кончика носа до кончика фюзеляжа.
Теерь он качает крыльями )))).
Поперечное управление осуществляется ЭЛЕРОНАМИ.
Устойчивость определяется V крыла, стреловидностью, затенением крыльев фюзеляжем.
Через этот какнал АП управляет курсом, так что все сказанное о триммере РВ и настройках АП, справедливо для секции триммера элеронов, во вкладке АП надо настраивать время предсказания ))) курса.
3. Боковая устойчивость . Проткнем ЛА через ЦТ сверху вниз. Спосбность самолета удерживать курс («смотреть носом» в одну точку по горизонтали) это и есть боковая устойчивость. Устойчив по определению, так как точка приложения аэрод. сил. приходится на верт оперение, и эта точка всегда позади ЦТ самолета (а он ведь вперед летит )).
Поперечное управление осуществляется РН.
Насколько я помню РН в работе АП НЕ УЧАСТВУЕТ (так же как и в большинстве реальных самолетов), хотя триммер у него есть, для парирования например закрученного воздуха от пропеллера, или развор. момента от остановившегося мотора. (реактивн. момент винта парируется элеронами/триммером элеронов).

Фуф, где то так.

X-Plane 11 мой разбор для начинающих игроков

X-Plane 11 наверное один из самых мною любимых авиасимуляторов. Разбираюсь в нем я самостоятельно, поэтому прошу не ругать, так сказать, все для новичков.

Начнем с улучшайзеров, а именно с плагинов которые сделают игру лучше:

Better Pushback — лучший буксировщик для X-Рlane.
Terrain radar + Vertical Situation Display — радар поверхности под летящим самолетом.
Ground Handling Deluxe — запускает обслуживающий транспорт.
X-Life Deluxe — добавляет воздушный трафик
Advanced Rendering Options plugin for X-Plane — улучшайзер графики
Airport Navigator Plugin — навигатор по аэропортам
X-RAAS: Runway Awareness and Advisory System — голосовой помощник

Плагины устанавливаются путем их распаковки в папку с игрой X-Plane 11Resourcesplugins
Полезная ссылка с плагинами.

Еще нам понадобится навигационная база данных AIRAC. Найти ее можно вбив в поисковик Navigraph, AIRAC navigation data, скачать, найти в скаченном архив или папку xplane11_native_1803 или более позднюю, найти в ней файлы и папку CIFP и скопировать их в папку X-Plane 11Custom Data.

Теперь об управлении:

Flight Controls

Pitch Trim Up	]
Pitch Trim Down	[
Flaps Up (Закрылки вверх)	1
Flaps Down (Закрылки вниз)	2
Speed Brakes Up One (Воздушный тормоз)	3
Speed Brakes Down One (Воздушный тормоз)	4
Rudder Trim Left	5
Rudder Trim Center	6
Rudder Trim Right	7
Aileron Trim Left	8
Aileron Trim Center	9
Aileron Trim Right	0
Landing Gear Down (Шасси убрать)	CTRL + D
Landing Gear Up (Шасси выпустить)	CTRL + U
Landing Gear Toggle (Шасси)	G
Brakes Toggle Regular (Тормоз)	B
Brakes Toggle Max (Стояночный тормоз)	V
Tailhook Down	ALT + Q
Tailhook Up	ALT + W
Smoke Toggle	X
Canopy Open	ALT + E
Canopy Close	ALT + R

Engines

Throttle Down (Уменьшить тягу)	F1
Throttle Up (Увеличить тягу)	F2
Prop Down	F3
Prop Up	F4
Mixture Down	F5
Mixture Up	F6
Mixture Minimum	F7
Mixture Maximum	F8
Carb Heat On	F9
Carb Heat Off	F10
Carb Heat Toggle	F11
Idle High/Low Toggle	F12
TOGA Power	F13
Beta Toggle	/
Thrust Reverse Toggle	SHIFT + /

Starters

Engage Starter 1	CTRL + 1
Engage Starter 2	CTRL + 2
Engage Starter 3	CTRL + 3
Engage Starter 4	CTRL + 4
Engage Starter 5	CTRL + 5
Engage Starter 6	CTRL + 6
Engage Starter 7	CTRL + 7
Engage Starter 8	CTRL + 8

Weapons

Weapon Target Down	SHIFT + [
Weapon Target Up	SHIFT + ]

Instruments

Panel Brightness Down	SHIFT + CTRL + ,
Panel Brightness Up	SHIFT + CTRL + .
HUD Brightness Toggle	`

Radios

NAV1 Standby Flip	CTRL + 9
NAV2 Stanby Flip	CTRL + 0
COM1 Standby Flip	CTRL + —
COM2 Standby Flip	CTRL + =

Operation

Screenshot	SHIFT + SPACE
Quicktime Record	CTRL + SPACE
Pause	P
Ground Speed Change	ALT + T
Flight-model Speed Change (Ускорить время)	CTRL + T
Time Down	K
Time Up	L
Time Down Lots	SHIFT + K
Time Up Lots	SHIFT + L
Contact ATC	RETURN
Fail System	CTRL + F
Cycle Dump	SHIFT + M
Make Panel Previews	SHIFT + ALT + CTRL + SPACE
Create Snap Marker	CTRL + X
Test Data Ref	CTRL + .
Slider 01-16	SHIFT + F1-F16
Replay Toggle	ALT + R

View Commands

Free Camera	C
Forward With Panel (Камера из кабины)	W
Forward With HUD	SHIFT + W
Forward With Nothing	CTRL + W
Linear Spot	SHIFT + 1
Still Spot	SHIFT + 2
Runway	SHIFT + 3
Circle	SHIFT + 4
Tower	SHIFT + 5
Ridealong	SHIFT + 6
Track Weapon	SHIFT + 7
Chase	SHIFT + 8
Cockpit Command Look	SHIFT + 9
Cinema Verite	SHIFT + C
Sunglasses	SHIFT + S
Night Vision	SHIFT + N
3D Path Toggle	CTRL + P
3D Path Reset	SHIFT + P
Show Physics Model	CTRL + M
Quick Look 0-9	NUMPAD 0-9
Quick Look Mem 0-9	CTRL + NUMPAD 0-9

General

Left	LEFT ARROW
Right	RIGHT ARROW
Up	UP ARROW
Down	DOWN ARROW
Forward	.
Backwards	,
Zoom-in	=
Zoom-out	—
Left Fast	SHIFT + LEFT ARROW
Right Fast	SHIFT + RIGHT ARROW
Up Fast	SHIFT + UP ARROW
Down Fast	SHIFT + DOWN ARROW
Forward Fast	SHIFT + .
Backwards Fast	SHIFT + ,
Zoom-in Fast	SHIFT + =
Zoom-out Fast	SHIFT + —
Left Slow	CTRL + LEFT ARROW
Right Slow	CTRL + RIGHT ARROW
Up Slow	CTRL + UP ARROW
Down Slow	CTRL + DOWN ARROW
Forward Slow	CTRL + .
Backwards Slow	CTRL + ,
Zoom-in Slow	CTRL + =
Zoom-out Slow	CTRL + —
Rot Up	R
Rot Down	F
Rot Left	Q
Rot Right	E
Rot Up Fast	SHIFT + R
Rot Down Fast	SHIFT + F
Rot Left Fast	SHIFT + Q
Rot Right Fast	SHIFT + E
Rot Up Slow	CTRL + R
Rot Down Slow	CTRL + F
Rot Left Slow	CTRL + Q
Rot Right Slow	CTRL + E
Action	SPACE

Лично я меняю реверс на клавишу ` (~) которая находится перед клавишей 1. Для этого открываем настройки управления, и ищем Thrust Reverse Toggle.

Еще управление: < > приблизить или отдалить камеру.

Не забудьте переключить клавиатуру на раскладку EN

Теперь построим наш маршрут полета, X-Plane не умеет автоматически их строить как это делает FlightGear, для этого необходимо воспользоваться, сервисами http://onlineflightplanner.org/ или https://flightplandatabase.com/, маршруты мы строим для X-Plane 11. По аналогии с FlightGear я построил прямой маршрут из EDDT в EDDV и сохранил его в папку X-Plane 11OutputFMS plans строил сервисом который указан первым.

Теперь все готово, запускаем игру. Начинаем новый полет, выбираем доступный Boeing 737-800, указываем аэропорт EDDT, можем сразу стать на полосу 26L, или не становиться. И начинаем полет.

После загрузки, откройте меню Plugins, переместив мышку вверх или нажав ESC и убедитесь, что все нужные вам плагины включены в Plugin Admin — Enable/Disable. Если вы находитесь не на полосе, воспользуйтесь плагином Better Pushback что бы отбуксировать самолет в сторону рулежки, Airport Navigator Plugin поможет найти полосу 26L, ее можно так же определить меняя вид камеры Shift + 1..9 смотрите таблицу управление.

Подготовка к полёту. Считаем, что двигатели у нас запущены и все проверки пройдены. На панели перед собой, включаем F/D ON, устанавливаем скорость IAS/MACH на 200, и правее высоту ALTITUDE 10000. Опускаем взгляд вниз находим табло NAV и в поле STAND BY устанавливаем частоту маяка 108,9.

Загружаем карту полета. Ранее мы ее создали и загрузили в X-Plane 11OutputFMS plans На панели FMS жмем кнопку INIT REF, затем на табло ищем ROUTE MENU, затем выбираем CO ROUTE LIST в нем откроются все наши сохраненные в папке планы полета, переключать листы можно кнопками PREV PAGE и NEXT PAGE. Находим наш план и выбираем его, он автоматически отобразится на табло навигации.

Снимаемся со стояночного тормоза «b», немного добавляем тяги клавиша F2 и катимся к полосе, если мы не на ней. Я не спец и не знаю норм, по этому выставляю положение закрылок на взлет в положение 1 (клавиши 1 и 2)

Начинаем взлет. Добавляем тягу F2, и на скорости 160 тянем штурвал на себя, взлетаем, убираем шасси. На 500ft можно включить автопилот, и автомат тяги. На панели жмем LNAV и кнопку CMD, самолет ложится на план полета. Жмем A/T и SPEED включается автомат тяги. Продолжаем набирать высоту, нажимаем V/S теперь устанавливаем 2500 и видим как наш самолет набирает нужную высоту. Убираем закрылки.

Для того, что бы полет приходил быстрее жмем CTRL+T.

После прохождения последней точки начинаем снижение. Переключаемся на 108,9. Выставляем 4200ft жмем V/S устанавливаем -2500 снижаемся, где то за 20NM жмем VOR LOC когда мы попадем в зону маяка самолет начнет выравниваться на полосу при этом на табло отображается 2 розовых ромба, ромб на горизонтальной плоскости выравнивается по центру шкалы, это означает, что самолет находится перед полосой, продолжаем снижение до 2000 — 2200ft одновременно сбрасываем скорость до 140 — 160, на 190 выпускам закрылки в первое положение на 160 во второе на 140 в третье. Можно использовать воздушный тормоз (клавиши 3 и 4 чтобы сбросить скорость). И наблюдаем за ромбом в вертикальной плоскости, когда ромб начнет приближаться к центру шкалы жмем APP, в правом верхнем углу автопилота будет гореть G/S, теперь мы снижаемся по глиссаде на полосу. Выпускаем шасси. В принципе все, самолет может сам сеть. Включаем автоматическое торможение «b» при необходимости запустить реверс. Выключаем автомат тяги, на отметке 40-30 можно чуть приподнять нос, уменьшаем тягу F1. Садимся, когда почти остановились отключаем тормоза. Рулим на рулёжку к аэропорту.

Для X-Plane почти всё редактируется в Plane-Maker. Некоторые вещи импортируются — полярные кривые, отдельные 3д-объекты (хотя вполне можно обойтись и без внешнего редактора, только встроенный не такой удобный). Такие вещи, как крылья и колёса — генерируются автоматически по размерам, которые ты задаёшь.

1. Редактировать 3д-объекты: фюзеляж, мотогондолы и пр. — можно по-разному. Кто-то вешает фоном картинку из чертежа и по ней растягивает. Я так делать не умел и не учился, сделал интереснее вещь — таблицу для Excel, чтобы из координат точек на чертежах (мерил Фотошопом) получать координаты в футах и вбивать их в редакторе цифрами. Вполне хороший способ. По 3д-редакторам не могу сказать.

2. Планер и оперение. В X-Plane доступно 5 парных крыльев и более 20 одиночных, которые можно вставлять куда угодно, в т.ч. парами. К каждому крылу можно назначить свои полярные кривые (о них ниже). Каждое крыло делится на 2-10 секций, и у каждой секции можно изменить угог атаки, хорду и сместить относительно оси крыла — в общем, можно воспроизвести очень сложную геометрию, кривые крылья. Тут довольно просто — некоторые опорные точки меришь и делаешь, а, допустим, скруглённый конец крыла можно сделать похожим на круглый из нескольких секций, на глазок.

Полярные кривые (коэффициенты подъмной силы, сопротивления, момента) хранятся в файлах, и каждому крылу можно назначить 4 поляры: для корня и конца, для низкого и высокого Re.

В принципе, можно для каждого сечения крыла сделать кривые — т.к. у разных сечений при той же скорости Re различаются. Это будет несколько точнее. Я делал свою модель, считал в JavaFoil. Одна проблема — если считать с учётом вискозности воздуха, после 150 км/ч начинаются небольшие глюки: момент и коэфф. сопротивления на некоторых закритических углах получаются запредельно большими. В результате самолёт, стоя на земле, может улететь вверх бешенно вращаясь. Увеличение числа точек на профиле не спасает. Я с этим боролся простым линейным интерполированием, чтобы отрезать нереальные коэффициенты. В принципе хватало — тем более, что на закритике никто не летает. :joystick: Файл для Excel лежит на X-Plane.org (сейчас не могу зайти туда и найти)

Мы тут на форуме обсуждали, с примерами, что дефолтные поляры в X-Planе слишком хорошо держат на закритических углах, так что сделать свои собственные будет полезно.

3. Двигатели и разное оборудование — его там масса, и для каждого агрегата можно задать не только характеристики, но и допустимые режимы (температуры, обороты). Двигатель, трансмиссии, генератор, компрессор, батарея, шасси, ВСУ, герметизация кабины. Можно даже выбрать, какой у тебя привод управляющих плоскостей — механический, гидравлический, электро.

Что касается двигателей — очень полезно иметь данные по удельному расходу топлива для большой и малой высоты и для разных режимов.

Для этих вещей нужно просто данные и вводить их в редакторе.

Источник